Paris and New York and Fresedo - Chapter 8: GauchoMania (1921-1923)

by José Manuel Araque 

Maria del Pilar Paulina Pubillones-Guallart was born in 1893 in Havana, Cuba. She came from a Spanish family of circus performers. In 1917 she married guitarist Guillermo Arcos, and adopted her artistic name, Pilar Arcos. The Arcos arrived in New York on June 16, 1917, and soon had three kids. In 1919 Arcos was in the premiere of Amadeo Vives' famous zarzuela Maruxa. Between 1919 and 1933 Pilar Arcos recorded at least 451 tracks for Columbia and Brunswick. Her repertoire consisted mostly of Spanish couplets and traditional songs like Cielito lindo. In 1923 she tried some foxtrots, and recorded La copa del olvido, the Tango by Enrique P. Delfino made famous by Carlos Gardel in 1921. Pilar Arcos was also very sociable and by 1923 her home on 49 West 116th Street had become a sort of "artistic consulate" frequented by established and itinerant hispanic performers.

 

Little was happening in the way of Tango in New York in the Winter of 1921. Esteban Cortizas (Cortez) and Peggy Barther (Peggy) danced in the Shubert's Winter Garden Theater on 1634 Broadway, on the east side of the block between 50th and 51st Street. On the same block and on the other side of Broadway stood the Capitol Theater, where Roxy Rothafel's lavish productions enriched the presentation of silent movies. Roxy brought this form of entertainment from the Strand Theater a few blocks away, and was soon emulated by theaters across the United States. Roxy's productions presented an attractive alternative to the tightly controlled business of Vaudeville theaters. At the heart of Roxy's success is the symbiosis between live-performers and cinema, which in practical terms meant that live actors could play in the movie houses too. A show by Roxy consisted of several short episodes of dance, music, even Vaudeville acts, before the movie or during intermissions. One of the more renowned dancers of the Capitol, Doris Niles, met Osvaldo Fresedo's friend Roberto Medrano while studying Spanish dances in the studio of Madame Aurora Arraiza. Alas, there's little evidence that much Tango was danced at the Capitol itself, and Doris was apparently not so much into Tango as into dances where she could express herself alone.

Around the corner from the Garden stood Club Montmartre on 205 West 50th Street, the grandaddy of nightclubs run since 1918 by Frenchman Charlie Journal. Journal had been a headwaiter and was a former business associate of TangoMania dancer Joan Sawyer. Club Montmartre was at times only a restaurant, at times it had music and dance, and from 1921 through 1923 Emil Coleman's jazz orchestra held court there. Finally, in the basement of the Broadway Central Building, across the street from the Garden on 51st Street, the newly opened Club Maurice had seen some action, but soon ran into issues with the law because of the ongoing Prohibition on alcohol. Cub Maurice was named after Maurice Mouvet, though the famous dancer was not the owner and had not danced in town for almost two years, he was in Europe procuring a divorce from his former dancing partner Florence Walton.

 

On March 6, 1921 the movie The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse premiered in New York's Lyric Theater. Based on the best-seller by Spanish writer Vicente Blasco Ibánez, Four Horsemen was a huge hit, it was universally lauded and turned its star, Rudolph Valentino, into a household name. It also revived interest in Tango across the globe, with an iconic dancing scene that became a model imitated ever since. Incidentally, the dancing scene was not in the novel, it was added by screenwriter and producer June Mathis, who learned about Valentino's early days as a taxi dancer. The movie would go on to become the sixth largest grossing silent film of all times, it played through the end of the year nationwide. It was directed by Rex Ingram.

It's hard to understate the impact that Four Horsemen had on Tango, in the wake of its release impresarios became interested in staging productions showcasing Spanish themes and Tango all around the world, and notably on the Vaudeville circuits. The great GauchoMania of the 1920s was on. In August producers Anton F. Scibilia and Walter Brooks teamed up with Osvaldo Fresedo's friend, the Argentine dancer Roberto Medrano, and with Spanish dancer Emilia Delirio (of the 1914 Follies Marigny) in the production "In Argentina". The Valentino movie and the career of Medrano highlight the fact that in the early 1920s Tango was still perceived as somewhat linked to Spain. Just as in Paris during the TangoMania, American audiences were expecting some Spanish flavor in their Tango. Meanwhile, the 1920 recordings by Osvaldo Fresedo using a new beat were barely known in New York. The reviewer at the journal Variety was enthusiastic about Medrano and Delirio's dancing, he said "it proved that the origin of the Tango was Argentina".

Scibilia & Brooks had experience in the Vaudeville circuits, in particular with hiring artists in New York and taking them on the road. In Argentina opened at the Poli Theater in Scranton, PA, and toured the Shubert circuit with a cast of 10 South American performers that included Peruvian dancer Caridad Davis. The only American member of the cast was a Harry Ormonde, playing the part of an American tourist with limited use of the Spanish language, and trying to pick up girls in Buenos Aires. Ormonde also served as bridge between the audience and the non-English-speaking performers and to give the individual vignettes an overarching story. The Cafe scene at the center of the revue was straight out of Four Horsemen. They also brought "a company of Argentine Players" (four musicians), including one that played drums with his fingers. We think that Luis Alberto Ignacio Infantas Arancibia, Osvaldo Fresedo's second violin in the Orquesta Típica Select's recordings from 1920, was part of the troupe. From Scranton the revue moved to Buffalo, and then hit Toronto, Montreal, Washington D.C., Pittsburgh, Dayton, Chicago, New York and Boston.

The young tonadillera Conchita Piquer (b. 1908) came to New York in September 1921 as part of the company of maestro Manuel Penella. Penella's opera El Gato Montés (The Wild Cat) was very successful in Spain, and Piquer became an instant favorite with both English and Spanish audiences, she had "salero" (she was very lively). Soon Piquer was recording for Columbia, and signed a 5-year contract with the Shuberts.

José Moriche (b. 1890 in Badajoz, Spain), a tenor, came to New York in early 1922 after a tour that took him to Mexico and Havana. Soon Moriche started singing in the incipient radio, and recording for Columbia and for the smaller label Okeh. Before 1933 Moriche went on to record more than 519 tracks, but not many Tangos. Moriche also signed up for the Vaudeville circuit, and sang at Keith's Fordham Theater in The Bronx. 

 

The Spanish-speaking population in New York at the time was less than 40 thousand souls, the vast majority of which was not from South America. Instead, according to The New York Times, half of them came from Spain, and the rest from countries close to the Unites States (Mexico, Cuba, Puerto Rico and Dominicana), and concentrated in Manhattan and Brooklyn. Spanish immigrants established Social Clubs that held events for the community in New York and in near cities like Bayonne and Newark. The most notable were the Unión Benéfica Española on 239 W 14th St in Manhattan (La Nacional), and the Centro Andaluz on 59-61 Henry Street in Brooklyn. Arcos, Piquer and Moriche were part of a larger group of Spanish performers that dominated the Latin music scene in New York in the early 1920s. These artists were very active in theater, in particular in the Spanish zarzuela, and many traveled throughout Latin America. In the coming years they also appeared together in many shows for charities, and many of these so-called "beneficios" took place in the Social Clubs.

By 1921 Daniel Castellanos's store had become the place-to-go to get Columbia Grafonolas and Spanish records. It was located in Bowling Green on the southern tip of Manhattan, across the street from the Staten Island ferry landing, and close to several train stations. Over the years Castellanos' newspaper ads are a guide of what records were popular in town, and what new releases from Spain and Buenos Aires were making it to New York.

 

 

Maurice finally came to New York in October 1921, to appear with his new partner Leonora Hughes at Club Maurice and on the musical Good Morning, Dearie. His name still attracted the crowd, he was reportedly payed more than 500 dollars a week at Club Maurice alone. Maurice's stay in New York was short and almost uneventful, he returned with Leonora to Europe in early 1922. Still, before he left, he found time to speak to the New York press about the new dancing craze in Paris, Jazz. He predicted that "with more settled times we will return to more dignified dancing". Perhaps his call was premature, this was a brave new world now. By Summer 1922 Club Maurice was shut, the business venture was a failure.

 

 

 

It is also tempting to overestimate the effect that Four Horsemen had on the dancing scene. Even as the movie was still playing on some theaters, and Valentino kept promoting Tango, the momentum seems to have been lost. To many, Tango was a craze that took place precisely before the Great War in Paris, and the movie itself enforced that idea, down to the choice of gaucho clothes for Valentino. Though there was some increased interest in the form, and the ads for teachers and contests spiked, there was no rush of Tango dancers to the dancing halls. Soon after Four Horsemen, Valentino quit Metro Pictures and joined Famous Players Lasky (which would morph into Paramount Pictures later in the decade). With Famous Players he stared in The Sheik (with costar Agnes Ayres) and Beyond the Rocks (with Gloria Swanson), cementing his reputation as the greatest movie star of the era. Following these new movies Valentino produced two beautiful pictorials (sans gaucho clothes) for the magazine Screenland with Ayres and Swanson.

 

Working on the road was not quite a very profitable business, performers were expected to pay a registration fee to the National Vaudeville Association (NVA) to begin with. In November 1921 In Argentina was in Manhattan briefly at the Winter Garden, and then in December they went to the Shubert Crescent Theater (Werba) in Brooklyn. The entertainment journal Variety praised Medrano and Delirio's dancing, the local press barely noticed them. In Christmas they were in Philadelphia, and then in January 1922 they were back in Washington D.C. before wrapping up with shows in Atlantic City (New Jersey). The revue was cut short in February, Scibilia sued Medrano and Delirio for breach of contract. Presumably the suit was settled out of Court. 

 

The Flamenco dancer María Montero arrived in New York in March 1922 after touring Mexico, the Caribbean and Colombia since 1919. Soon after arriving she appeared at a banquet organized by the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America in the Hotel Astor in Times Square to introduce its first chairman William Hays. The event was attended by notables like Mayor John F. Hylan, media magnate William Randolph Hearst, Famous Players' Adolph Zukor, and actress Mae Murray. In June Montero appeared on Broadway on the play Pin on Wheels, and by October she was dancing at the Strand Theater on 47th Street. She also joined the production company Teatro Español and worked with Conchita Piquer.

Medrano and Delirio moved to Club Maurice and to the cabaret The Tent on West 52nd Street. In May they performed at a beneficio for Joaquín Ortega, a Spaniard that taught Flamenco and Tango, Pilar Arcos was there too. And then, in August 1922, they were asked to join the highly acclaimed revue Scandals, staged in New York's Globe Theater (46th and Broadway) by the dancer George White. White was an alumni of the Ziegfeld Follies, and Scandals was his version of the venerable revue. It had played every year since 1919, and on its fourth year White moved the start date to coincide with the opening of the Fall season. The revue was lavish and large, it featured dozens of artists, including comedians W. C. Fields and Lester Allen.

 

 

George Gershwin wrote the music for Scandals, including the fox trot Argentina. The next month the Atlantic Dance Orchestra recorded it for Edison Records. Paul Whiteman, known as "The King of Jazz", conducted the Palais de Danse Orchestra. The show closed in mid November and ran for a modest 89 performances in New York, though it got excellent reviews. Medrano and Delirio part-timed at Club Maurice too, and then went on the road with Scandals in December. Scandals played through the Northeast and the Midwest before its last curtain call in Chicago on April 21, 1923.

 

 

In March 1923, in Hartford, Connecticut, Anton Scibilia launched his new revue Land of Tango. Scibilia was likely trying to piggyback on the popularity of Gloria Swanson's new movie My American Wife, which had an Argentine subplot. There were no Argentine performers in Land of Tango though, the male lead was Peruvian dancer Alberto Kollman, aka Alberto de Lima (in New York since Summer 1920). The dancers in the troupe were 15-year old Alita Vadesca (Mexico), Heriberta Martínez (Cuba) and Matilde Carpos (Spain?). The musicians included the duo of Panamanian singer Alcídes Briceño, and Colombian singer Jorge Añez, as well as Mexican guitar player Manuel Valdespino. Scibilia went back to his tried-and-true toolkit, reusing the plot of the comedian that lead the audience through a series of vignettes trying to get a Spanish-speaking señorita. In early April they played at the B. S. Moss Franklin Theater in The Bronx and then they went to Michigan and Pennsylvania. That Summer Scibilia tried renaming the review to "Cabaret Argentino", they soon took off to the Pantages circuit in Canada and the Northwest.

The Fall 1922-Winter 1923 season for Tango in New York had been slow, there was nary a headliner other than Scandals. Pilar Arcos worked on and off with Manuel Penella in the production company Teatro Lírico Español. And Montero taught dancing to some notable actors and danced at the Strand. In early May 1923 Medrano and Delirio returned to New York and appeared with Arcos and Piquer at a beneficio. Later that month they performed at a mega-show in Madison Square Garden organized by one Latin American Amusement Enterprises, which included Arcos and Montero. This show was pretentious, it was meant to be a huge Spanish "fiesta", including a parade of bullfighters in their flashy garments enacting some of the pomp of the bullfights in Spain (real bullfights were not allowed in New York). The result was a fiasco, people walked out of the show. Only the singers and dancers were spared by the reviewers, Pilar Arcos could do not wrong, she was a favorite.

That Summer the Arcos and Montero traveled to Puerto Rico where they were acclaimed. Montero was already known in the island, and she convinced Pilar and Guillermo to join her. In an interview conceded to El Imparcial of San Juan in June Pilar claimed to have already recorded more than 300 tracks for Columbia. Though Pilar's repertoire did not include many tangos, she did express a predilection for "the sad songs". It made sense for Spanish artists to team up, there was tough competition since theaters started time-sharing their acts with silent movies. In 1923 Conchita Piquer appeared in Lee De Forest's production "Far from Seville", one of the earliest spoken movies ever produced. While the shorts produced by De Forest were not widely distributed yet, a revolution was in the making.

Another technology that saw major developments during the Great War was Radio, it quickly became established as a new way to bring music to the masses in the early 1920s. Violinist Hugo Mariani was born in Casalecchio di Reno (Italy) in 1899, and studied in Buenos Aires and in Montevideo. He arrived in New York with bassist Domingo Guido in November 1920, their registration form in Ellis Island suggests they were invited by Uruguayan cellist Osvaldo Mazzuchi. The next year Mariani played in the WJZ radio station in Newark. In 1922 Mariani and Mazzuchi played at the Rialto Theater, Mazzuchi soon joined the New York Philharmonic. In 1923 Mariani was lead-violin for conductor Joseph Knetch of the Waldorf Astoria Orchestra. That same year the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) bought the WJZ station, and brought its studios from Newark to New York’s Aeolian Hall on 42nd Street. Mariani stayed close to radio since.

The Spaniards were soon to be joined in New York by a cast of musicians coming from Havana. In Spring 1923 Ernesto Lecuona, the legendary composer and pianist, arrived in New York, expressly to learn about the new American music scene. Lecuona is considered by some to be the greatest Latin American composer of the first half of the 20th Century, his influence is enormous and can be heard today in Salsa and others. He was friends with Ravel, who considered Lecuona's Malagueña superior to his own Bolero. In May Lecuona made a test recording (lost) for Victor, and in July he recorded for Brunswick Records with tenor Mariano Meléndez, including his own Tango Es un golfo. That Summer he played on radio, and at the Capitol Theater at a showing of the movie Daughters of the Rich. Doris Niles was part of this show. Lecuona returned to Cuba on August 5. 

 

Yet another character that is indirectly connected to the history of Tango in the United States is the Argentine boxer Luis Ángel Firpo. Firpo arrived in the United States in early 1922, he aspired to nothing less than the World's Heavyweight title, at the time in the hands of Jack Dempsey. Firpo was bulky, and carried a very strong punch, he was nicknamed The Bull of The Pampas. For the next 18 months of his quest he fought some of the best boxers in the country and beat them, he was called invincible. The Spanish newspaper in New York, La Prensa, had much to do with the rise of Firpo as a hero of "the Latin race" (La Raza), it documented his every move. Firpo had a soft side too, he loved and danced Tango. And he was close friends with Roberto Medrano, they went to School together in Buenos Aires. As Medrano told the press, when Firpo was in New York in his apartment on 311 West 94th Street (in the Upper West Side) Medrano would come over and "drink his tea" (mate).

There were plenty of dancing studios and ballroom places in New York in 1923, a handful with Tango instruction and contests. Through Winter the Hotel Plaza had run "Tango nights" on Mondays. Ms Evelyn Hubbell ran the Castle School of Dancing where "American Tango" was taught on 58th Street near Lexington Avenue. In April the Tango Gardens ballroom opened on 14th Street near Union Square, it advertised positions for young ladies to act as dancing partners earning an average of 30 dollars a week. Finally, on Broadway at 48th Street, the Palais Royal was serving supper and hosting dances on the site of the old Rector's. The Palais was not a nightclub, though at times it presented revues where the line between ballroom and cabaret was blurred. The previous Christmas federal marshals descended from Washington and closed the Palais Royal and several other establishments for violations to the Prohibition, businesses were left reeling.

In late 1922, Valentino starred in the very popular movie Blood and Sand, also based on a Blasco Ibáñez novel adapted to the screen by June Mathis. He was now living with his fiancée Winifred Hudnut, aka Natacha Rambova, a set and costume designer. Valentino then went on strike against Famous Players, he felt he was not getting a fair share of the huge profits his movies were generating. In early 1923 Valentino and Rambova embarked on the Mineralava Tour, and visited 88 cities across the United States presiding over beauty and dancing contests. The goal was to keep Valentino's name on the news and stay relevant. Valentino donned his gaucho clothes again and danced Tango in many of these presentations, his shows brought increased new interest in the dance. He traveled around with a band said to be Argentine, though there's no evidence of the claim to be "Argentine". Valentino and Natacha planned to wrap up the tour with a big show in New York in the Fall. Summer was the slow season, the big night would have to wait, in August 1923 Valentino and Rambova went to Europe on holiday.

What's remarkable about the Tango scene in New York from 1920 through 1923, is the almost complete absence of Argentine musicians, specially since the departure of Celestino errer and Carlos Filipotto. This was soon going to change with the arrival of Juan Carlos Cobián.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Notes

 

1. The Unión Benéfica (also known as La Nacional) still operates on 14th Street, and it hosts what's probably the longest running Milonga in New York.

2. On June 21, 1923, Ernesto Lecuona composed his Spanish dance No. 2, Andaluza (or Andalucía), and dedicated it to Doris Niles.

3. Club Montmartre is a bit of a mystery, as is Charlie Journal, we have not found a single picture of either one. The Club was not always on the same location, at one point it was located on the southwest corner of 7th Avenue at 48th Street, next to the Palais Royal. Charlie himself seemed to have been either owner or partner or manager or headwaiter or bouncer or all-of-the-above.

4. The newspaper La Prensa estimated that the Spanish-speaking population in New York was close to 80 thousand in 1925, quite a jump from the 30 thousand reported by the Times in March 1924. These numbers should be used with caution.

5. In researching the History of Tango in the United States, the records digitized by the Heritage Foundation are a great aid, they document the entries to the New York area via Ellis Island (next to the Statue of Liberty). But there are many holes that Tampa helps explain, many of the performers that came to New York in that era made it through the Havana-Tampa connection. Sadly we have no records of this very busy port of entry.

6. The New York Public Library and others have digitized thousands of images from the 20th century and they have been plotted in a map.

Acknowledgements

1. Alicia Cruzado

2. AgnesAyres.net for the pictures of Screenland

3. Idoia Blanco of La Nacional 

Bibliography

1. The Tango in the United States: A History by Carlos González Groppa
     https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Tango_in_the_United_States.html?id=qr9HDwAAQBAJ

2. Michael Bernal: The Golden Age of the Spanish Dance
    Lulu.com, 2020

 

3. The website Flamencas por Derecho by Ángeles Cruzado Rodríguez
    https://www.flamencasporderecho.com/maria-montero-i

4. Serge Leslie: A Dancer's Scrapbook

    From the Capitol Theater to Carnegie Hall with Doris Niles

    Dance Books, London  1987

 

Dedication

To my friends Edmundo and Pia